Plessey & MSI Symbology Introduction
Version:v1.1
Crifan Li
Abstract
This article explains the details of Plessey and MSI symbology.
This article provide multiple formats:

HTML version online address:
http://​www.crifan.com/​files/​doc/​docbook/​symbology_​plessey/​release/​html/​symbology_​plessey.html
Any question or bug report are encouraged to post in the discussion group:
http://​www.crifan.com/​bbs/​categories/​symbology_​plessey/
Reading Online	HTML  1	HTMLs  2	PDF  3	CHM  4	TXT  5	RTF  6	
Download(7Zip package)	HTML  7	HTMLs  8	PDF  9	CHM  10	TXT  11	RTF  12	
Revision History	
Revision 1.0	2011-05-17	crl	
· 	explain the plessey and msi symboloy
· 		
Revision 1.1	2012-08-09	crl	
· 	Release via Docbook
· 		
Plessey & MSI Symbology Introduction:
Crifan Li
Version:v1.1
Publication date 2012-08-09
Copyright © 2012 Crifan, http://​crifan.com

This article conform to:Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 Generic (CC BY-NC 2.5)13

Table of Contents
1. Plessey  	 # 

1.1. What is Plessey  	 # 
1.2. Plessey Barcode Format  	 # 

1.2.1. An Example  	 # 
1.2.2. How to represent bits/digits/characters  	 # 
1.2.3. Barcode Format  	 # 
1.3. Prons-and-Cons  	 # 
1.4. Usage Filed  	 # 
1.5. Variations  	 # 
2. MSI Plessey  	 # 

2.1. What is MSI Plessey  	 # 
2.2. Characteristics  	 # 

2.2.1. Character set  	 # 
2.2.2. Coding Rule  	 # 
2.3. MSI Barcode Example  	 # 
2.4. MSI Barcode Format  	 # 

2.4.1. Checksum digit(s)  	 # 

2.4.1.1. Mode 10 and Mode 1010  	 # 

2.4.1.1.1. Mode 1010 Example  	 # 
2.4.1.2. Mode 11  	 # 
2.5. Usage Filed  	 # 
Bibliography  	 # 

List of Figures
1.1. Plessey Barcode Format Example  	 # 
1.2. Plessey Barcode “01234567890” Example  	 # 
2.1. MSI exapmle 01234567 mode 10  	 # 

List of Tables
1.1. Plessey Barcode Format  	 # 
1.2. Plessey Bits Encoding Rule  	 # 
2.1. MSI Barcode Format  	 # 
2.2. Mode 10 Check Digit Example  	 # 
2.3. Mode 1010 Check Digit Example  	 # 
2.4. Mode 11 Check Digit Example  	 # 

Chapter 1. Plessey

1.1. What is Plessey
Plessey barcode/code is a 1D linear barcode symbology, based on Pulse Wide Modulation.
Plessey is originally developed in 1971 by The Plessey Company plc, a British-based company. So, sometimes is called “UK Plessey”.
So,
Plessey = UK Plessey

1.2. Plessey Barcode Format

1.2.1. An Example

Figure 1.1. Plessey Barcode Format Example

Figure 1.2. Plessey Barcode “01234567890” Example

1.2.2. How to represent bits/digits/characters
Plessey’s barcode pattern is so simple that, with casual familiarity with the code, you can actually read the bar codes with your eyes.
Plessey basic code rule is:
Wide bar following by narrow space is a “1” bit.
Narrow bar followed by wide space is a “0” bit.
And each digit number is represented by four bit.
If you only calculate the bar (horizontal black line), the wide bar means ‘1’ and the narrow bar means ‘0’.
So, the digit ‘1’:
BCD (Binary- Coded Decimal) is 0001b
reversed BCD is 1000b
wide bar + narrow bar + narrow bar + narrow bar

1.2.3. Barcode Format

Table 1.1. Plessey Barcode Format
start character	Any number of labels/characters/digits	Checksum / check digit / code	A stop / termination character / block / pitch bar	the reverse start code	
4it =1101	XXX...(eg, 012345...)	8bit(eg. 0110 0111)	1bit=X(eg, 1)	4bit=0011	
In which:
the forward start code
The forward start code is “1101”. It defines the beginning of the encoded text.
the label / data digits
The characters of the text to encode are hexadecimal values encoded as reversed BCD.

Table 1.2. Plessey Bits Encoding Rule
Value	Encoding	Value	Encoding	Value	Encoding	Value	Encoding	
0	0000	4	0010	8	0001	C	0011	
1	1000	5	1010	9	1001	D	1011	
2	0100	6	0110	A	0101	E	0111	
3	1100	7	1110	B	1101	F	1111	
the check code, for error detection
The check code for error detection and correction is as CRC, using polynomial division.
Is uses 2 characters, or 8 bits.
The generator polynomial is g(x) = x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x3 + 1 with n=8, in binary “111101001”.
the termination bar
The termination bar follows the CRC. It’s a full pitch bar.
the reverse start code
The reverse start code, with the forward start code, are used to detect the direction of reading : from left to right or right to left.
It’s encoded as a reversed “0011”.
Reversed because the “0” is represented by a wide space and simple bar, and “1” as a simple space and wide bar.

1.3. Prons-and-Cons
The chief advantages are the relative ease of printing using the dot-matrix printers popular at the time of the code’s introduction, and its somewhat higher density than the more common 2 of 5 and 3 of 9 codes.

1.4. Usage Filed
It is one of the first barcode symbology, and is still used in some rare libraries and for shelf tags in retail stores, in part as a solution to their internal requirement for stock control.
The Plessey was first used in the early 1970s by J.Sainsbury to identify all of its products on supermarket shelves for its product restocking system.

1.5. Variations
However, Plessey does not encode numbers efficiently, and other characteristics of the language make it one of the most error-prone of all bar code languages.
Accordingly, the MSI company came out with a revised standard for the Plessey language (now called MSI Plessey, also known as Plessey modified) which employed a second check digit. This improved the reliability of the language enough so that the MSI version of the code has continued in use in specialty applications.
Except the MSI, several other variations of Plessey is Anker Code by ADS Company, Telxon. It is difficult to have the specifications for them nowadays and thus hard to tell the differences between them (except for MSI), because is was mainly available as paper document and in discontinued since then.

Chapter 2. MSI Plessey

2.1. What is MSI Plessey
MSI Plessey is a barcode symbology, is a variation of Plessey, is the most widely supported variation of Plessey.
Also called “Modified Plessey”, or MSI.
So:
MSI = MSI Plessey = Modified Plessey
Following description will use MSI.
MSI was developed by the MSI Data Corporation, based on the original Plessey Code, Currently maintained by Symbol Technologies, Inc.
While the length of an MSI bar code can be of any length, a given application usually implements a fixed-length code

2.2. Characteristics
MSI is a continuous symbology that is not self-checking, based on Pulse-Width Modulation

2.2.1. Character set
The MSI character set consist of the numbers 0..9 as well as two “guard” characters (representing the beginning and end of the barcode).
So, like Interleaved 2-of-5 and UPC, MSI is an all-numeric language, not support alphabetic characters.

2.2.2. Coding Rule
The bit representation is same with Plessey:
Wide bar following by narrow space is a “1” bit.
Narrow bar followed by wide space is a “0” bit.
But the digit representation is more simple:
Each digit number is represented by four bit.
Except the start and stop bits, If you only calculate the bar (horizontal black line), the wide bar means ‘1’ and the narrow bar means ‘0’,
then it is the same rule as using binary to represent the digit:
Digit 0 = 0000b
Digit 1 = 0001b
Digit 2 = 0010b
Digit 3 = 0011b
...

2.3. MSI Barcode Example

Figure 2.1. MSI exapmle 01234567 mode 10

2.4. MSI Barcode Format

Table 2.1. MSI Barcode Format
Format	start character	Any number of digits	Checksum digit(s)	A stop character	
Explanation	a wide bar followed by a narrow space	Digits	5 modes:No check digit (least common)
Mod 10 (most common)
Mod 11
Mod 1010
Mod 1110
	narrow bar, a wide space, then a narrow bar	
Digits/Bits	Bit: 1	Digits: XXX...	Digit(s): X/XX	Bits: 00	

2.4.1. Checksum digit(s)
The MSI barcode uses one of five possible schemes for calculating a check digit:
No check digit (least common)
Mod 10 (most common)
Mod 11
Mod 1010
Mod 1110

2.4.1.1. Mode 10 and Mode 1010
The checksum algorithm for Mode 10 is to use “Luhn algorithm”:
· 	Counting from the check digit, which is the rightmost one, and moving left, double (x 2) the value of every second digit.
· 	Sum the digits of the products (eg, 10 ⇒ 1+0 = 1, 14 ⇒ 1+ 4 =5) together with the un-doubled digits from the original number
· 	Got the sum, then do: sum Mod 10 = check digit
· 	Assume an example of an account number “1234567” that will have a check digit added, making it of the form “1234567X”:
Then the steps to calculate the X are:

Table 2.2. Mode 10 Check Digit Example
Example	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	Mode 10 Check digit	
(1) Append X	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	X	
(2) From rightmost, every second digit × 2	2	 	6	 	10	 	14	 	
(3) List all	2	2	6	4	1+0	6	1+4	 	
(4) Got Summary	Sum=2+2+6+4+1+0+6+1+4=26, 26 Mod 10 = 4	X = 4	
(5)Result	12345674	
For the second checksum digit, the calculation method is still the same, just take the “12345674” as the input number, the calculate the X for “12345674X”

2.4.1.1.1. Mode 1010 Example

Table 2.3. Mode 1010 Check Digit Example
Example	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	4	Mode 1010 Check digit	
(1) Append X	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	4	X	
(2) From rightmost, every second digit × 2	 	4	 	8	 	12	 	8	 	
(3) List all	1	4	3	8	5	1+2	7	8	 	
(4) Got Summary	Sum=1+4+3+8+5+1+2+7+8=39, 39 Mod 10 = 1	X = 1	
(5)Result	123456741	

2.4.1.2. Mode 11
To calculate the Modulo 11 check digit, use the following process:
· 	Assign a weight to each character in the code, starting with a weight of 2 in the right-most position and incrementing by one as you move to the left. After you reach a weight of 7, the next digit will have a weight of 2 (that is, weighting goes from 2 to 7 and then wraps around back to 2)
· 	Multiply the value of each character by its weight, and sum the result of all the characters
· 	Perform a modulo 11 on the result (sum) of step 2
· 	Assume an example of an account number “1234567” that will have a mode 11 check digit added, making it of the form “1234567X”:

Table 2.4. Mode 11 Check Digit Example
Example	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	Mode 11 Check digit	
(1) Add weight	2	7	6	5	4	3	2	X	
(2) digit × weight	2	14	18	20	20	18	14	 	
(3)add all, get sum	Sum=2+14+18+20+20+18+14=106, 106 Mod 11 = 4	X = 4	
(4)Result	12345674	
And for the mode 1110, take “1234567”as example, just to use the mode 11 for “1234567”to calculate the first mode 11 check digit, is 4, then do mode 10 for “12345674”then calculate out the second mode 10 check digit, is 1, so the whole result is “123456741”
Tip
While most MSI barcodes include at least one checksum digit, so in many case, the printed MSI barcode does not show out the first checksum digit, while only show the second checksum digit if exists.

2.5. Usage Filed
MSI is used primarily for inventory control, marking storage containers and shelves in warehouse environments.
MSI, and other symbologies based on Pulse-Width Modulation, offer no significant benefit over more modern symbologies. While it is not a bad idea to support MSI for legacy bar codes, most new applications do not choose MSI as their symbology of choice.

Bibliography
[1] Plessey Code1 
[2] MSI Symbology2 
[3] Free Online MSI Plessey Barcodes Generator3 
[4] Linear Barcode Symbology : MSI Plessey4 
[5] MSI Barcode (Modified Plessey Barcode)5 
[6] Plessey6 
[7] About Plessey Barcode7 
[8] Luhn algorithm8